Cyberbullying

For the past decade there has been an evolving recognition about the nature of victimization online, its prevalence and its links to serious public health risks including suicide. . Cyber-bullying is manifested by victimization, mistreatment or abuse through electronic forms of contact, primarily the Internet and/or mobile phones. It can include harassment, threats, insults, teasing, calling names and spreading rumors. Moreover, it may consist of sharing embarrassing pictures or videos, incitement to hurt somebody, password theft, privacy violation (“cut and pasting”) or spreading viruses 3-6.

It has been estimated that 14 percent of US adolescents in grades 6-10 have been electronically bullied in school at least once in the previous two months2. Cyber-bullying can occur in and/or out of school premises, with the identity of the perpetrator being known by at least 70 percent of the students being victimized7. Fifty percent of the known perpetrators are schoolmates7. Ninety percent of victims do not report cyber-bullying to their parents because they feel that they need to deal with this problem by themselves and/or they worry that their Internet privileges may be curtailed7.

Cyber-bullying can occur simultaneously with other forms of mistreatment happening in schools and/or other community settings2, 8.

For the past decade there has been an evolving recognition of the nature of victimization online, its prevalence and its links to health problems^1-37.

Cyber-bullying is manifested by victimization, mistreatment or abuse through electronic forms of contact, primarily the Internet and/or mobile phones. It can include harassment, threats, insults, teasing, calling names and spreading rumors. Moreover, it may consist of sharing embarrassing pictures or videos, incitement to hurt somebody, password theft, privacy violation (“cut and pasting”) or spreading viruses ^1,3,33,34.

It has been estimated that 14 percent of US adolescents in grades 6-10 have been electronically bullied in school at least once in the previous two months³².

References

1. Hinduja S., Patchin J. Bullying Beyond the Shoolyard. Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying. 1st ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press; 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=SU5RTJcOk68C&printsec=frontcover&dq=cyber+bullying&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OhvFU5KRI-bMsQSYrIDgBQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=cyber%20bullying&f=false

2. Sheri Bauman, Donna Cross, Jenny L. Walker. Principles of Cyberbullying Research: Definitions, Measures, and Methodology. 1st ed.New York, NY Routledge, 2013 http://books.google.com/books?id=JRGkHZEMy0sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cyber+bullying&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OhvFU5KRI-bMsQSYrIDgBQ&ved=0CIgBEOgBMA0#v=onepage&q=cyber%20bullying&f=false

3. Lenhart A. Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, Cyberbullying

http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Cyberbullying.aspx?r=1

4. Hemphill SA, Heerde JA. Adolescent Predictors of Young Adult Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization Among Australian Youth. J Adolesc Health. 2014 Jun 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=cyber+bullying

5. Messias E, Kindrick K, Castro J. School bullying, cyberbullying, or both: Correlates of teen suicidality in the 2011 CDC youth risk behavior survey. Compr Psychiatry. 2014 Jul;55(5):1063-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24768228

6. Bannink R, Broeren S, van de Looij-Jansen PM, de Waart FG, Raat H. Cyber and traditional bullying victimization as a risk factor for mental health problems and suicidal ideation in adolescents. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 9;9(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24718563

7. Yang SJ, Stewart R, Lee JY, Kim JM, Kim SW, Shin IS, Yoon JS. Prevalence and correlates of problematic internet experiences and computer-using time: a two-year longitudinal study in korean school children. Psychiatry Investig. 2014 Jan;11(1):24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942548/

8. DeSmet A, Deforche B, Hublet A, Tanghe A, Stremersch E, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Traditional and cyberbullying victimization as correlates of psychosocial distress and barriers to a healthy lifestyle among severely obese adolescents--a matched case-control study on prevalence and results from a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014 Mar 5;14:224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3975929/

9. Kowalski RM, Giumetti GW, Schroeder AN, Lattanner MR. Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol Bull. 2014 Jul;140(4):1073-137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24512111

10.Feinstein BA, Bhatia V, Davila J. Rumination mediates the association between cyber-victimization and depressive symptoms. J Interpers Violence. 2014 Jun;29(9):1732-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24346650

11.Kowalski RM, Limber SP. Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. J Adolesc Health. 2013 Jul;53(1 Suppl):S13-20. ^{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790195}

12.Williford A, Elledge LC, Boulton AJ, DePaolis KJ, Little TD, Salmivalli C. Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on cyberbullying and cybervictimization frequency among Finnish youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42(6):820-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23659182

13.Chang FC, Lee CM, Chiu CH, Hsi WY, Huang TF, Pan YC. Relationships among cyberbullying, school bullying, and mental health in Taiwanese adolescents. J Sch Health. 2013 Jun;83(6):454-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23586891

14. Shapka JD, Law DM. Does one size fit all? Ethnic differences in parenting behaviors and motivations for adolescent engagement in cyberbullying. J Youth Adolesc. 2013 May;42(5):723-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23479327

15. Zweig JM, Dank M, Yahner J, Lachman P. The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence. J Youth Adolesc. 2013 Jul;42(7):1063-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412689

16. Litwiller BJ, Brausch AM. Cyber bullying and physical bullying in adolescent suicide: the role of violent behavior and substance use. J Youth Adolesc. 2013 May;42(5):675-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23381779

17. Bauman S, Toomey RB, Walker JL. Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. J Adolesc. 2013 Apr;36(2):341-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23332116

18. Wright MF, Li Y. The association between cyber victimization and subsequent cyber aggression: the moderating effect of peer rejection. J Youth Adolesc. 2013 May;42(5):662-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23299177

19. Modecki KL, Barber BL, Vernon L. Mapping developmental precursors of cyber-aggression: trajectories of risk predict perpetration and victimization. J Youth Adolesc. 2013 May;42(5):651-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242509

20.Wachs S, Wolf KD, Pan CC. Cybergrooming: risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Cybergrooming: risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema. 2012 Nov;24(4):628-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079362

21.del Rey R, Elipe P, Ortega-Ruiz R. Bullying and cyberbullying: overlapping and predictive value of the co-occurrence. Psicothema. 2012 Nov;24(4):608-13. http://www.psicothema.com/PDF/4061.pdf

22. Wensley K, Campbell M. Heterosexual and nonheterosexual young university students' involvement in traditional and cyberforms of bullying. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2012 Dec;15(12):649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23078337

23. Clark CM, Ahten S, Werth L. Cyber-bullying and incivility in an online learning environment, part 2: promoting student success in the virtual classroom. Nurse Educ. 2012 Sep-Oct;37(5):192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22914274

24. Buelga S, Cava MJ, Musitu G. [Validation of the Adolescent Victimization through Mobile Phone and Internet Scale]. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012 Jul;32(1):36-42. Spanish. http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1020-49892012000700006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

25. Suzuki K, Asaga R, Sourander A, Hoven CW, Mandell D. Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2012;24(1):27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909909

26.Wang J, Iannotti RJ, Luk JW. Patterns of adolescent bullying behaviors: physical, verbal, exclusion, rumor, and cyber. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3379007/

27. Sinclair KO, Bauman S, Poteat VP, Koenig B, Russell ST. Cyber and bias-based harassment: associations with academic, substance use, and mental health problems. J Adolesc Health. 2012 May;50(5):521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22525118

28. Erentait? R, Bergman LR, Zukauskien? R. Cross-contextual stability of bullying victimization: a person-oriented analysis of cyber and traditional bullying experiences among adolescents. Scand J Psychol. 2012 Apr;53(2):181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22251062

29. Wang J, Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ. Cyber and traditional bullying: differential association with depression. J Adolesc Health. 2011 Apr;48(4):415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058261/

30.Perren S, Dooley J, Shaw T, Cross D. Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2010 Nov 23;4:28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003626/

31. Mishna F, Cook C, Gadalla T, Daciuk J, Solomon S. Cyber bullying behaviors among middle and high school students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2010 Jul;80(3):362-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20636942

32. Wang J, Iannotti RJ, Nansel TR. School bullying among adolescents in the United States: physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. J Adolesc Health. 2009 Oct;45(4):368-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2751860/

33. Smith PK, Ma hdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils.J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008 Apr; 49(4):376-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363945

34. Dehue F, Bolman C, Völlink T. Cyberbullying: youngsters' experiences and parental perception.Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008 Apr;11(2):217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18422417

35. Agatston PW, Kowalski R, Limber S. Students' perspectives on cyber bullying. J Adolesc Health. 2007 Dec;41(6 Suppl 1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18047946

36. Wolak J, Mitchell KJ, Finkelhor D. Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts. J Adolesc Health. 2007 Dec;41(6 Suppl 1):S51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18047945

37. Genuis SJ, Genuis SK. Implications of cyberspace communication: a role for physicians. South Med J. 2005 Apr;98(4):451-5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15898522