GLOBAL HEALTH INITIATIVE FOR THE PREVENTION OF BULLYING
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Objectives
Background
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Nature and Occurrence of Bullying
Definition of Bullying
Bullying across social settings
School Bullying
Bullying among siblings
Cyberbullying
Bullying in the Worplace
Bullying in Health Care
HEALTH PROBLEMS RELATED TO BULLYING
Bullying Related Mortality
Psychosocial Risks Associated with Bullying
Bullying Prevention
Bullying Detection
Long Term Impact of Bullying

 

An evolving body of research, evolving over the last one and a half decade, highlights a significant link of bullying with a wide range of health problems and risks 1-73. Almost 75 % of these studies are based on cross sectional surveys conducted on non-clinical population of children and adolescents. This line of investigation has found that participation in bullying as a victim and/or as a perpetrator can be significantly associated with:
DEPRESSION1-16
IRRITABILITY17-20,22,23,26
ANXIETY21-26
INSOMNIA27-32
HEADACHES33-40
ABDOMINAL PAIN36-38,40-42
DIZZINESS36-37,42
BACKACHES19
FIBROMYALGIA43
OBESITY44-47
EATING DISORDERS48-53
PTSD54-56
PSYCHOSIS57-65
SUICIDE66-73
References
1) Gullander M, Hogh A, Hansen ÅM, Persson R, Rugulies R, Kolstad HA,  et al.  Exposure to workplace bullying and risk of depression. J Occup Environ Med. 2014 Dec;56(12):1258-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479295
2) Emdad R, Alipour A, Hagberg J, Jensen IB. The impact of bystanding to workplace bullying on symptoms ofdepression among women and men in industry in Sweden: an empirical and theoretical longitudinal study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2013 Aug;86(6):709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940902
3) Klomek AB, Kleinman M, Altschuler E, Marrocco F, Amakawa L, Gould MS. High school bullying as a risk for later depression and suicidality. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2011 Oct;41(5):501-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21793875
4) Wang J, Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ. Cyber and traditional bullying: differential association withdepression. J Adolesc Health. 2011 Apr;48(4):415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402273
5) Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S. Correlation between bullying and clinical depression in adolescent patients. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2011 Mar 25;2:37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24600274
6) Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S, Marttunen M. Involvement in bullying and depression in a 2-year follow-up in middle adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Jan;19(1):45-55.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588185
7) Due P, Damsgaard MT, Lund R, Holstein BE. Is bullying equally harmful for rich and poor children?: a study of bullying and depression from age 15 to 27. Eur J Public Health. 2009 Oct;19(5):464-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587227
8) Fleming LC, Jacobsen KH. Bullying and symptoms of depression in chilean middle school students. J Sch Health. 2009 Mar;79(3):130-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207519
9) Lund R, Nielsen KK, Hansen DH, Kriegbaum M, Molbo D, Due P,  et al Exposure to bullying at school and depression in adulthood: a study of Danish men born in 1953. Eur J Public Health. 2009 Jan;19(1):111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008241
10) Klomek AB, Sourander A, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, et al Childhood bullying as a risk for later depression and suicidal ideation among Finnish males. J Affect Disord. 2008 Jul;109(1-2):47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008241
11) Ivarsson T, Broberg AG, Arvidsson T, Gillberg C. Bullying in adolescence: psychiatric problems in victims and bullies as measured by the Youth Self Report (YSR) and the DepressionSelf-Rating Scale (DSRS). Nord J Psychiatry. 2005;59(5):365-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16757465
12) Gladstone GL, Parker GB, Malhi GS. Do bullied children become anxious and depressed adults?: A cross-sectional investigation of the correlates of bullying and anxious depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006 Mar;194(3):201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16534438
13) Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Marttunen M, Rimpelä A, Rantanen P. Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: school survey. BMJ. 1999 Aug 7;319(7206):348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10435954
14) Kivimäki M, Virtanen M, Vartia M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease anddepression. Occup Environ Med. 2003 Oct;60(10):779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504368
15) Salmon AW. Bullying and depression: A case report. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2000;4(1):73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24927318
16) Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Marttunen M, Rimpelä A, Rantanen P. Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: school survey. BMJ. 1999 Aug 7;319(7206):348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10435954
17) Barker ED, Salekin RT Irritable oppositional defiance and callous unemotional traits: is the association partially explained by peer victimization? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;53(11):1167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783837
18) Teicher MH, Samson JA, Sheu YS, Polcari A, McGreenery CE. Hurtful words: association of exposure to peer verbal abuse with elevated psychiatric symptom scores and corpus callosum abnormalities. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;167(12):1464-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20634370
19) Srabstein JC, McCarter RJ, Shao C, Huang ZJ. Morbidities associated with bullying behaviors in adolescents. School based study of American adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2006 Oct-Dec;18(4):587-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17340850
20) Natvig GK, Albrektsen G, Qvarnstrøm U. Psychosomatic Symptoms among Victims of School Bullying. J Health Psychol. 2001 Jul;6(4):365-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049386
21) Pabian S, Vandebosch H. An Investigation of Short-Term Longitudinal Associations Between Social Anxiety and Victimization and Perpetration of TraditionalBullying and Cyberbullying. J Youth Adolesc. 2015 Feb 17 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687265
22) Stapinski LA, Araya R, Heron J, Montgomery AA, Stallard P. Peer victimization during adolescence: concurrent and prospective impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2015;28(1):105-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214239
23) Bowes L, Wolke D, Joinson C, Lereya ST, Lewis G. Sibling bullying and risk of depression, anxiety, and self-harm: a prospective cohort study. Pediatrics. 2014 Oct;134(4): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201801
24) Leadbeater BJ, Thompson K, Sukhawathanakul P. It gets better or does it? Peer victimization and internalizing problems in the transition to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Aug;26(3):675-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25047291
25) Isolan L, Salum GA, Osowski AT, Zottis GH, Manfro GG. Victims and bully-victims but not bullies are groups associated with anxiety symptomatology among Brazilian children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;22(10):641-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23553573
26) Hamilton JL, Shapero BG, Stange JP, Hamlat EJ, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Emotional maltreatment, peer victimization, and depressive versus anxiety symptoms during adolescence: hopelessness as a mediator. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42(3):332-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23534812
27) van Geel M, Goemans A, Vedder PH. The relation between peer victimization and sleeping problems: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2015 Jun 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26140869
28) Malta DC, do Prado RR, Dias AJ, Mello FC, Silva MA, da Costa MR, Caiaffa WT. Bullying and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents: analysis of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012). Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2014;17 Suppl 1:131-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25054259
29) Kubiszewski V, Fontaine R, Potard C, Gimenes G. Bullying, sleep/wake patterns and subjective sleep disorders: findings from a cross-sectional survey. Chronobiol Int. 2014 May;31(4):542-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24417522
30) Hansen AM, Hogh A, Garde AH, Persson R. Workplace bullying and sleep difficulties: a 2-year follow-up study nt Arch Occup Environ Health. 2014 Apr;87(3):285-94.. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460184
31) Lallukka T, Rahkonen O, Lahelma E. Workplace bullying and subsequent sleep problems--the Helsinki Health Study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011 May;37(3):204-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21116599
32) Niedhammer I, David S, Degioanni S, Drummond A, Philip P, Acquarone D et al Workplace bullying and sleep disturbances: findings from a large scale cross-sectional survey in the French working population. Sleep. 2009 Sep;32(9):1211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19750926
33) Gini G, Pozzoli T, Lenzi M, Vieno A. Bullying victimization at school and headache: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Headache. 2014 Jun;54(6):976-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24697284
34) Tynes T, Johannessen HA, Sterud T. Work-related psychosocial and organizational risk factors for headache: a 3-year follow-up study of the general working population in Norway. J Occup Environ Med. 2013 Dec;55(12):1436-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24270295
35) Takaki J, Taniguchi T, Hirokawa K. Associations of workplace bullying and harassment with pain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013 Sep 25;10(10):4560-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24071921
36) Srabstein JC, McCarter RJ, Shao C, Huang ZJ. Morbidities associated with bullying behaviors in adolescents. School based study of American adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2006 Oct-Dec;18(4):587-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17340850
37) Due P, Holstein BE, Lynch J, Diderichsen F, Gabhain SN, Scheidt P, Bullying and symptoms among school-aged children: international comparative cross sectional study in 28 countries. Eur J Public Health. 2005 Apr;15(2):128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15755782
38) Fekkes M, Pijpers FI, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Bullying behavior and associations with psychosomatic complaints and depression in victims. J Pediatr. 2004 Jan;144(1):17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14722513
39) Santinello M, Vieno A, De Vogli R. Primary headache in Italian early adolescents: the role of perceived teacher unfairness. Headache. 2009 Mar;49(3):366-74. 
40) Williams K, Chambers M, Logan S, Robinson D. Association of common health symptoms with bullying in primary school children. BMJ. 1996 Jul 6;313(7048):17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8664762
41) Rosati P, Jenkner A, De Vito R, Boldrini R, Chiodi P, Celesti L et al 'Tell me about your pain': abdominal pain and a history of bullying. BMJ Case Rep. 2011 Mar 24;2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699481
42) Politis S, Bellou V, Belbasis L, Skapinakis P. The association between bullying-related behaviours and subjective health complaints in late adolescence: cross-sectional study in Greece. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Aug 12;7:523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25115323
43) Kivimäki M, Leino-Arjas P, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Puttonen S, Work stress and incidence of newly diagnosed fibromyalgia: prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2004 Nov;57(5):417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15581643
44) Takizawa R, Danese A, Maughan B, Arseneault L. Bullying victimization in childhood predicts inflammation and obesity at mid-life: a five-decade birth cohort study. Psychol Med. 2015 May 20:1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988703
45) Mamun AA, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM, Najman JM. Adolescents bullying and young adults body mass index and obesity: a longitudinal study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Aug;37(8):1140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23164697
46) Griffiths LJ, Wolke D, Page AS, Horwood JP; ALSPAC Study Team. Obesity and bullying: different effects for boys and girls. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Feb;91(2):121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174642
47) Janssen I, Craig WM, Boyce WF, Pickett W. Associations between overweight and obesity with bullying behaviors in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2004 May;113(5):1187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15121928
48) Olvera N, Dempsey A, Gonzalez E, Abrahamson C. Weight-related teasing, emotional eating, and weight control behaviors in Hispanic and African American girls. Eat Behav. 2013 Dec;14(4):513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24183147
49) Striegel-Moore RH, Dohm FA, Pike KM, Wilfley DE, Fairburn CG. Abuse, bullying, and discrimination as risk factors for binge eating disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;159(11):1902-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411226
50) Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Roumeliotis P, Farrow CV, Shi YF. Breakfast skipping is associated with cyberbullying and school bullying victimization. A school-based cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2014 Aug;79:76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24746660
51) Quick VM, McWilliams R, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Fatty, fatty, two-by-four: weight-teasing history and disturbed eating in young adult women. Am J Public Health. 2013 Mar;103(3):508-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23327257
52) Farrow CV, Fox CL. Gender differences in the relationships between bullying at school and unhealthy eating and shape-related attitudes and behaviours. Br J Educ Psychol. 2011 Sep;81(Pt 3):409-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21770912
53) Eisenberg M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Peer harassment and disordered eating. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2008 Apr-Jun;20(2):155-64 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18714553
54) Spence Laschinger HK, Nosko A. Exposure to workplace bullying and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology: the role of protective psychological resources. J Nurs Manag. 2015 Mar;23(2):252-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24033807
55) Idsoe T, Dyregrov A, Idsoe EC. Bullying and PTSD symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012 Aug;40(6):901-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391775
56) Balducci C, Fraccaroli F, Schaufeli WB. Workplace bullying and its relation with work characteristics, personality, and post-traumaticstress symptoms: an integrated model. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2011 Oct;24(5):499-513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21347903
57) Shakoor S, McGuire P, Cardno AG, Freeman D, Plomin R, Ronald A. A shared genetic propensity underlies experiences of bullying victimization in late childhood and self-rated paranoid thinking in adolescence. Schizophr Bull. 2015 May;41(3):754-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25323579
58) Horrevorts EM, Monshouwer K, Wigman JT, Vollebergh WA. The relation between bullying and subclinical psychotic experiences and the influence of the bully climate of school classes. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Sep;23(9):765-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519668
59) Wolke D, Lereya ST, Fisher HL, Lewis G, Zammit S. Bullying in elementary school and psychotic experiences at 18 years: a longitudinal, population-based cohort study. Psychol Med. 2014 Jul;44(10):2199-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24342773
60) Trotta A, Di Forti M, Mondelli V, Dazzan P, Pariante C, David A, et alPrevalence of bullying victimisation amongst first-episode psychosis patients and unaffected controls. Schizophr Res. 2013 Oct;150(1):169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891482
61) Kelleher I, Keeley H, Corcoran P, Ramsay H, Wasserman C, Carli V,  et alChildhood trauma and psychosis in a prospective cohort study: cause, effect, and directionality. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;170(7):734-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599019
62) Arseneault L, Cannon M, Fisher HL, Polanczyk G, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: A genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;168(1):65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20952460
63) Schreier A, Wolke D, Thomas K, Horwood J, Hollis C, Gunnell D,  et al Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 May;66(5):527-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414712
64) Campbell ML, Morrison AP. The relationship between bullying, psychotic-like experiences and appraisals in 14-16-year olds. Behav Res Ther. 2007 Jul;45(7):1579-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229400
65) Lataster T, van Os J, Drukker M, Henquet C, Feron F, Gunther N, et al. Childhood victimisation and developmental expression of non-clinical delusional ideation and hallucinatory experiences: victimisation and non-clinical psychotic experiences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2006 Jun;41(6):423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572272
66) Burk T, Edmondson AH, Whitehead T, Smith B. Suicide risk factors among victims of bullying and other forms of violence: data from the 2009 and 2011 Oklahma Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. J Okla State Med Assoc. 2014 Jun;107(6):335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174241
67) Kindrick K, Castro J, Messias E. Sadness, suicide, and bullying in Arkansas: results from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey -- 2011. J Ark Med Soc. 2013 Oct;110(5):90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24383197
68) Winsper C, Lereya T, Zanarini M, Wolke D. Involvement in bullying and suicide-related behavior at 11 years: a prospective birth cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;51(3):271-282.
69) Meltzer H, Vostanis P, Ford T, Bebbington P, Dennis MS. Victims of bullying in childhood and suicide attempts in adulthood. Eur Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;26(8):498-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310592
70) Brunstein Klomek A, Sourander A, Gould M. The association of suicide and bullying in childhood to young adulthood: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal research findings. Can J Psychiatry. 2010 May;55(5):282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482954
71) Klomek AB, Sourander A, Niemelä S, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, et al Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: a population-based birth cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;48(3):254-61 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19169159
72) Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Boyce WT. Bullying increased suicide risk: prospective study of Korean adolescents. Arch Suicide Res. 2009;13(1):15-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19123106
73) Kim YS, Leventhal B. Bullying and suicide. A review. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2008 Apr-Jun;20(2):133-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18714552

HEALTH PROBLEMS RELATED TO BULLYING

 

An evolving body of research, published over the last one and a half decade, highlights a significant link of bullying with a wide range of health problems and risks 1-73. Almost 75 % of these studies are based on cross sectional surveys conducted on non-clinical population of children and adolescents. This line of investigation has found that participation in bullying as a victim and/or as a perpetrator can be significantly associated with:

 

 

DEPRESSION1-16

IRRITABILITY17-20,22,23,26

ANXIETY21-26

INSOMNIA27-32

HEADACHES33-40

ABDOMINAL PAIN36-38,40-42

DIZZINESS36-37,42

BACKACHES19

FIBROMYALGIA43

OBESITY44-47

EATING DISORDERS48-53

PTSD54-56

PSYCHOSIS57-65

SUICIDE66-73

 

 

 

 

References

1) Gullander M, Hogh A, Hansen ÅM, Persson R, Rugulies R, Kolstad HA,  et al.  Exposure to workplace bullying and risk of depression. J Occup Environ Med. 2014 Dec;56(12):1258-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479295

2) Emdad R, Alipour A, Hagberg J, Jensen IB. The impact of bystanding to workplace bullying on symptoms ofdepression among women and men in industry in Sweden: an empirical and theoretical longitudinal study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2013 Aug;86(6):709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940902

3) Klomek AB, Kleinman M, Altschuler E, Marrocco F, Amakawa L, Gould MS. High school bullying as a risk for later depression and suicidality. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2011 Oct;41(5):501-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21793875

4) Wang J, Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ. Cyber and traditional bullying: differential association withdepression. J Adolesc Health. 2011 Apr;48(4):415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402273

5) Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S. Correlation between bullying and clinical depression in adolescent patients. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2011 Mar 25;2:37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24600274

6) Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S, Marttunen M. Involvement in bullying and depression in a 2-year follow-up in middle adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Jan;19(1):45-55.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588185

7) Due P, Damsgaard MT, Lund R, Holstein BE. Is bullying equally harmful for rich and poor children?: a study of bullying and depression from age 15 to 27. Eur J Public Health. 2009 Oct;19(5):464-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587227

8) Fleming LC, Jacobsen KH. Bullying and symptoms of depression in chilean middle school students. J Sch Health. 2009 Mar;79(3):130-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207519

9) Lund R, Nielsen KK, Hansen DH, Kriegbaum M, Molbo D, Due P,  et al Exposure to bullying at school and depression in adulthood: a study of Danish men born in 1953. Eur J Public Health. 2009 Jan;19(1):111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008241

10) Klomek AB, Sourander A, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, et al Childhood bullying as a risk for later depression and suicidal ideation among Finnish males. J Affect Disord. 2008 Jul;109(1-2):47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008241

11) Ivarsson T, Broberg AG, Arvidsson T, Gillberg C. Bullying in adolescence: psychiatric problems in victims and bullies as measured by the Youth Self Report (YSR) and the DepressionSelf-Rating Scale (DSRS). Nord J Psychiatry. 2005;59(5):365-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16757465

12) Gladstone GL, Parker GB, Malhi GS. Do bullied children become anxious and depressed adults?: A cross-sectional investigation of the correlates of bullying and anxious depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006 Mar;194(3):201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16534438

13) Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Marttunen M, Rimpelä A, Rantanen P. Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: school survey. BMJ. 1999 Aug 7;319(7206):348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10435954

14) Kivimäki M, Virtanen M, Vartia M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease anddepression. Occup Environ Med. 2003 Oct;60(10):779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504368

15) Salmon AW. Bullying and depression: A case report. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2000;4(1):73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24927318

16) Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Marttunen M, Rimpelä A, Rantanen P. Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: school survey. BMJ. 1999 Aug 7;319(7206):348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10435954

17) Barker ED, Salekin RT Irritable oppositional defiance and callous unemotional traits: is the association partially explained by peer victimization? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;53(11):1167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783837

18) Teicher MH, Samson JA, Sheu YS, Polcari A, McGreenery CE. Hurtful words: association of exposure to peer verbal abuse with elevated psychiatric symptom scores and corpus callosum abnormalities. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;167(12):1464-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20634370

19) Srabstein JC, McCarter RJ, Shao C, Huang ZJ. Morbidities associated with bullying behaviors in adolescents. School based study of American adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2006 Oct-Dec;18(4):587-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17340850

20) Natvig GK, Albrektsen G, Qvarnstrøm U. Psychosomatic Symptoms among Victims of School Bullying. J Health Psychol. 2001 Jul;6(4):365-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049386

21) Pabian S, Vandebosch H. An Investigation of Short-Term Longitudinal Associations Between Social Anxiety and Victimization and Perpetration of TraditionalBullying and Cyberbullying. J Youth Adolesc. 2015 Feb 17 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687265

22) Stapinski LA, Araya R, Heron J, Montgomery AA, Stallard P. Peer victimization during adolescence: concurrent and prospective impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2015;28(1):105-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214239

23) Bowes L, Wolke D, Joinson C, Lereya ST, Lewis G. Sibling bullying and risk of depression, anxiety, and self-harm: a prospective cohort study. Pediatrics. 2014 Oct;134(4): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201801

24) Leadbeater BJ, Thompson K, Sukhawathanakul P. It gets better or does it? Peer victimization and internalizing problems in the transition to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Aug;26(3):675-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25047291

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